Citations

RAIL is open source and may be used according to the terms of its LICENSE (BSD 3-Clause).

If you used RAIL in your study, please cite this repository and RAIL Team et al. (2025):

@ARTICLE{2025arXiv250502928T,
       author = {{The RAIL Team} and {van den Busch}, Jan Luca and {Charles}, Eric and {Cohen-Tanugi}, Johann and {Crafford}, Alice and {Crenshaw}, John Franklin and {Dagoret}, Sylvie and {De-Santiago}, Josue and {De Vicente}, Juan and {Hang}, Qianjun and {Joachimi}, Benjamin and {Joudaki}, Shahab and {Bryce Kalmbach}, J. and {Kannawadi}, Arun and {Liang}, Shuang and {Lynn}, Olivia and {Malz}, Alex I. and {Mandelbaum}, Rachel and {Merz}, Grant and {Moskowitz}, Irene and {Oldag}, Drew and {Ruiz-Zapatero}, Jaime and {Rahman}, Mubdi and {Rau}, Markus M. and {Schmidt}, Samuel J. and {Scora}, Jennifer and {Shirley}, Raphael and {St{\"o}lzner}, Benjamin and {Toribio San Cipriano}, Laura and {Tortorelli}, Luca and {Yan}, Ziang and {Zhang}, Tianqing and {the Dark Energy Science Collaboration}},
        title = "{Redshift Assessment Infrastructure Layers (RAIL): Rubin-era photometric redshift stress-testing and at-scale production}",
      journal = {arXiv e-prints},
     keywords = {Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics of Galaxies},
         year = 2025,
        month = may,
          eid = {arXiv:2505.02928},
        pages = {arXiv:2505.02928},
          doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2505.02928},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
       eprint = {2505.02928},
 primaryClass = {astro-ph.IM},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025arXiv250502928T},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

Please consider also inviting the developers as co-authors on publications resulting from your use of RAIL by making an issue.

The following list provides the necessary references for external codes accessible through the RAIL ecosystem, which must be cited as follows if those methods are used in a publication:

Creators and degraders:

• LSSTErrorModel (Noisifier, rail-astro-tools): Cite: Ivezić et al. (2019), Crenshaw et al. (2024)

• ObservingConditionDegrader (Noisifier, rail-astro-tools): Cite: Hang et al. (2024)

• SpectroscopicDegraders (Noisifier, rail-astro-tools): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

• QuantityCut (Selector, rail-base): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

• SpectroscopicSelectors (Selector, rail-astro-tools): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

• SOMSpecSelector (Selector, rail-som): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

• UnrecBlModel (Degrader, rail-astro-tools): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

Photo-z estimators:

• BPZ (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-bpz): Cite: Benítez (2000)

• CMNN (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-cmnn): Cite: Graham et al. (2018)

• Delight (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-delight): Cite: Leistedt et al. (2017)

• DNF (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-dnf): Cite: De Vicente et al. (2016)

• FlexZBoost (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-flexzboost): Cite: Izbicki et al. (2017)

• GPz (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-gpz-v1): Cite: Almosallam et al. (2016)

• k-nearest neighbors (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-sklearn): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

• LePHARE (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-lephare): Cite: Arnouts et al. (1999)

• Neural network (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-sklearn): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

• pzflow (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-pzflow): Cite: Crenshaw et al. (2024)

• Random Gaussian (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-base): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

• TPZ (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-tpz): Cite: Carrasco Kind & Brunner (2013)

• trainZ (CatInformer, CatEstimator, rail-base): Cite: Schmidt et al. (2020)

• Uniform binning (PZClassifier, rail-base): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

• Equal count binning (PZClassifier, rail-base): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

• Random forest (CatInformer, CatClassifier, rail-sklearn): Cite: Breiman (2001)

• Variational inference stacking (PzInformer, PZSummarizer, rail-base): Cite: Rau et al. (2022)

• minisom (CatInformer, PZSummarizer, rail-som): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

• Naive stacking (PzInformer, PZSummarizer, rail-base): Cite: Myles et al. (2020)

• somoclu (CatInformer, PZSummarizer, rail-som): Cite: Wittek et al. (2017)

• NZDIR (CatInformer, CatSummarizer, rail-sklearn): Cite: Lima et al. (2008)

• Point estimate histogram (PzInformer, PZSummarizer, rail-base): Cite: RAIL Team et al. (2025)

• yet_another_wizz (YawSummarize, final stage, rail-yaw): Cite: van den Busch et al. (2020)